<a href="http://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/housing-first-fact-sheet.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fact Sheet: Housing First</a>
Rapid Re-housing
A 2-page fact from the National Alliance to End Homelessness. Answers these questions:
What is Housing First?
How is Housing First different from other approaches?
Who can be be helped by Housing First?
What are the elements of a Housing First program?
Does Housing First work?
A number of research studies are cited and listed at the end.
<a href="http://endhomelessness.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Alliance to End Homelessness</a>
<a href="http://endhomelessness.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Alliance to End Homelessness</a>
April 2016
English
Fact Sheet
<a href="http://furmancenter.org/files/FurmanCenterPolicyBriefonSupportiveHousing_LowRes.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Impact of Supportive Housing on Surrounding Neighborhoods: Evidence from New York City</a>
Permanent Supportive Housing
This 8-page policy brief is a summary of the Furman Center’s research on the effects supportive housing has on the values of surrounding properties.
...findings show that the values of properties within 500 feet of supportive housing show steady growth relative to other properties in the neighborhood in the years after supportive housing opens. Properties somewhat further away (between 500 and 1,000 feet) show a decline in value when supportive housing first opens, but prices then increase steadily, perhaps as the market realizes that fears about the supportive housing turned out to be wrong. The city, state, and providers of supportive housing must continue to maximize the positive effects of supportive housing and ensure that supportive housing residences remain good neighbors. But the evidence refutes the frequent assertions by opponents of proposed developments that supportive housing has a sustained negative impact on neighboring property values.
The full study is available at http://furmancenter.nyu.edu.
<a href="http://furmancenter.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Furman Center for Real Estate & Urban Policy, New York University</a>
PDF
English
Policy Brief
New York -- United States
No Safe Place: A Survey of Hate Crimes and Violence Committed Against Homeless People in 2014 & 2015
Homelessness
No Safe Place: A Survey of Hate Crimes and Violence Committed against Homeless People in 2014 & 2015 documents the known cases of violence against individuals experiencing homelessness by housed individuals in those two years. The report includes descriptions of the cases, current and pending legislation that would help protect homeless people, and recommendations for advocates to help prevent violence against homeless individuals.
NCH has documented 1,650 acts of violence against homeless individuals by housed perpetrators over the past 17 years (1999
-2015). These crimes are believed to have been motivated by the perpetrators' biases against people experiencing
homelessness or by their ability to target homeless people with relative ease. The crimes include an array of atrocities such as
murder, beatings, rapes, and even mutilations.
101 pages.
<a href="http://nationalhomeless.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Coalition for the Homeless</a>
<a href="http://nationalhomeless.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Coalition for the Homeless</a>
July 2016
PDF
English
Report
United States of America
<a href="http://legacy.cityofirvine.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=22223" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Irvine 2013 - 2021 Housing Element</a>
The Irvine Housing Element (122 pages, PDF) is structured to reflect the “Housing Element Building Blocks” model developed by the State Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD).
HCD is responsible for reviewing the Housing Element for compliance with state law. In addition to responding to the requirements of state law, the Irvine Housing Element demonstrates how the strategies to meet the City’s locally determined housing needs are methodically addressed through plans, programs and projects.
This Housing Element, while mandated by state law, also represents a roadmap for Irvine to continue its visionary leadership, ...
To ensure that all California cities and counties contribute to the statewide housing mandate to provide decent and adequate housing for all Californians, the Housing Element law institutes the Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) process. The RHNA is meant to allocate a “fair share” of the region’s housing needs to each individual jurisdiction, based on, among other factors, population and job growth, housing construction trends, commute patterns, infrastructure constraints, and household formation trends. For the planning period of October 15, 2013 through June 30, 2021, Orange County was allocated an overall RHNA of 37,966 units, with the City of Irvine being allocated a RHNA of 12,149 units. Irvine has addressed the RHNA allocation in this Housing Element Update by continuing its strategic planning for the community and identifying appropriate locations for housing at density levels required by state law for the total RHNA.
<a href="http://webadmin.cityofirvine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Irvine</a>
<a href="http://webadmin.cityofirvine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Irvine</a>
[n.d.]2013 (?)
PDF
English
City of Irvine, California
<a href="http://www.ca-ilg.org/sites/main/files/htf_homeless_3.8.18.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Homelessness Tools and Resources for Cities and Counties: Homelessness Task Force Report</a>
48 page report. California is home to 21 of the 30 most expensive rental markets in the nation and the state does not have enough affordable housing stock to meet the demand of low-income households. The state’s 2.2 million extremely low-income and very low-income renter households compete for 664,000 affordable rental homes.
As national and state programs fall short of fully addressing homelessness in California, local governments are coming together to find solutions for their communities. Collaboration, cooperation and support at the local level are key to addressing this crisis. That is why the League of California Cities and the California State Association of Counties (CSAC) formed the Joint Homelessness Task Force in late 2016 to examine these issues and discuss collaborative local solutions to address homelessness.
The task force met over the course of a year to better understand homelessness in California. The task force wanted to identify not only known best practices but also promising new practices that cities and counties are implementing to address homelessness, as well as the challenges, lessons and gaps communities are facing in the fight to end it. The culmination of the task force’s work is a report, developed in partnership with League and CSAC affiliate the Institute for Local Government, which provides practical tools for cities and counties in California to use in addressing homelessness in their communities.
<a href="http://www.ca-ilg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Homelessness Task Force Report, Institute for Local Government</a>
8 March 2018
PDF
Report
California-- United States
<a href="http://www.hcd.ca.gov/community-development/housing-element/docs/SB35_StatewideDeterminationSummary01312018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SB 35 Statewide Determination Summary</a>
3 table; 7 page report from the California Dept. of Housing and Community Development is a determination that represents Annual Progress Report (APR) data received as of January 31, 2018, and will be updated at least quarterly to incorporate new or corrected data provided by jurisdictions. According to their SB-35 analysis:
Table 1 - only 13 jurisdictions in California have met their prorated Lower (Very-Low and Low) and Above-Moderate Income Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) for the Reporting Period and submitted their latest APR (2016). These jurisdictions are not currently subject to SB 35 (Chapter 366, Statutes of 2017) streamlining. All other cities and counties beyond these 13 are subject to at least some form of SB 35 streamlining (Tables 2 and 3).
How does the City of Irvine fare? This analysis shows that Irvine is not on Table 1. Table 2 shows that Irvine has enough affordable housing in the Above Moderate income RHNA - Irvine does not show up on the list of 378 jurisdictions that don't meet SB-35 (see page 3)
Table 3 shows that Irvine is one of 148 jurisdictions that while not subject to SB 35 streamlining for proposed developments with ≥ 10% affordability, are subject to SB 35 streamlining for proposed developments with ≥ 50% affordability. This means that Irvine is not making enough progress in the Lower income RHNA (Very Low and Low income housing) - see page 6 of this 7 page report.
<a href="http://www.hcd.ca.gov/community-development/housing-element/index.shtml">California Department of Housing and Community Development</a>
January 31, 2018
PDF
English
Report
California -- United States
<a href="http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Harvard_JCHS_State_of_the_Nations_Housing_2018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The State of the Nation's Housing 2018</a>
Since 1988, the JCHS annual State of the Nation’s Housing report has provided an overview of housing market conditions in the U.S. This year's report marks the 30th anniversary; this year’s report not only examines recent trends, but assesses whether and how key metrics have changed over the last three decades and serves as a yardstick to measure whether or not the nation has met its goal of producing decent and affordable homes for all. Some excerpts follow: <br /><br /><strong>Key findings:</strong> <br /><ul><li>More than 40 million units have been built over the past three decades, accommodating 27 million new households, replacing older homes, and improving the quality of the nation’s stock.</li>
<li>The typical home today is larger and more likely to have air conditioning, multiple bathrooms, and other amenities. Structurally inadequate housing was rare 30 years ago and even rarer now.</li>
<li>Nevertheless, several challenges highlighted in the Joint Center’s first report persist today. In the 1980s, high mortgage interest rates put the cost of homeownership out of reach for many. Homeownership rates among young adults today are even lower than in 1988, and the share of cost-burdened renters is significantly higher.</li>
<li>Soaring housing costs are largely to blame, with the national median rent rising 20 percent faster than overall inflation in 1990–2016 and the median home price 41 percent faster.</li>
<li>Soaring housing costs and weak income growth along lower and moderate income households have contributed to housing affordability pressures. Individual income growth has not kept pace with general economic gains; GDP grew 52 % between 1988 and 2018 but incomes in the bottom quartile grew only by 3%.</li>
<li>Immigration has been a key driver of US household growth and will continue to be so.</li>
<li>More broader policies are needed to help young millenials and non-white groups into homeownership (e.g. assistance with down payment). African Americans remains the group that has not shown increase in home ownership.</li>
<li>Home ownership. after years of decline, saw an uptick in 2017.</li>
<li>The number of renter households also decreased in 2017. In the 30 years, the number of very low-income families has soared by 6 million, to more than 19 million.</li>
<li>At the same time, federally sub-sidized rental housing has increased by only 950,000 units while the low-cost stock (with rents under $800 in real terms) has shrunk by some 2.5 million units.</li>
<li>The Low Income Housing Tax Credit program has become the largest source of subsidized housing.</li>
<li>After declining by 14 percent between 2010 and 2016, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased by 3,800 last year. HUD’s Annual Homeless Assessment Report shows that nearly 554,000 people were living in shelters or on the street on a given night in January 2017, while 1.4 million peopl—including 147,000 families with children—used a shelter at some point over the course of 2016. In addition, the US Department of Education estimates that nearly 1.0 million school children were living with people outside their families in 2015–2016 because of housing loss or economic hardship, and 42,000 were living primarily on the street during the school year.</li>
<li>More than half (56 percent) of the homeless population live in the nation’s highest-cost metros. Indeed, the average homelessness rate in metros with median rents in the top quintile is more than double that in all other metros. Moreover, the metros with the largest homeless populations—New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle—are the same high-cost markets where homelessness is increasing.</li>
</ul><br /><strong>Solutions:</strong> <br /><br />The reductions in homelessness over the past seven years largely result from targeting two populations in need of intensive support services—veterans and the chronically homeless. These initiatives emphasized additions to the supply of permanent supportive housing and the use of the “housing first” model, which houses people as quickly as possible with as few preconditions as possible.
<p>So far, this narrow focus has helped 62 communities across the country end veteran homele<span class="text_exposed_show">ssness. These limited successes do not, however, address the underlying issue of housing affordability. For low-income households, especially those spending a large share of their incomes on housing, an unexpected expense or job loss can lead to eviction. In fact, the vast majority (83 percent) of people experiencing homelessness are not chronically homeless, and many who enter shelters—especially families—come directly from more stable housing situations.</span></p>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
<p>Further progress in reducing homelessness may require new approaches. Some programs use the pay-for-success model to finance interventions, such as rapid rehousing and permanent supportive housing where funding comes from investors. If the program is successful, investors receive a return and local governments save money on services. Another program that may help to prevent homelessness is the City of Stockton's plan to provide a basic income to low-income residents as an offset to rising housing costs.</p>
</div>
Without greater federal leadership, reversing or even halting these long-term trends is unlikely. The best place to start is therefore to enhance and expand the housing choice voucher and LIHTC programs—the essential pillars of the federal subsidy system. The HOME and CDBG programs also need additional funding to adequately support the stepped-up efforts of state and local governments to increase the supply of affordable housing. <br /><br />For their part, state and local jurisdictions also have opportunities to reduce housing costs through regulatory reform. Allowing higher-density development and simpler housing designs, as well as streamlining approval processes, would enable and incentivize builders to supply homes affordable to a broader range of incomes. While current regulations are intended to protect the public interest, concerns for health, safety, and efficiency must be weighed against the need to reduce the costs of housing production. Striking this balance is essential if the nation is to meet its stated goal of a decent home and suitable living environment for all.
<a href="http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University</a>
June 19, 2018
The State of the Nation's Housing Webcast: <a href="http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/livestream-son-2018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/livestream-son-2018 (1 hr. 30 minutes)</a>
<a href="http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Harvard_JCHS_State_of_the_Nations_Housing_2018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Harvard_JCHS_State_of_the_Nations_Housing_2018.pdf</a>
United States of America
<a href="http://www.ocgrandjury.org/pdfs/2017_2018_GJreport/2018-05-31_Homeles_Report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Where There's Will There's A Way: Housing Orange County's Chronically Homeless</a>
Permanent Supportive Housing
Does the County of Orange have the political will to overcome the roadblocks to housing the county’s chronically homeless population? That's the question the 2017-2018 Orange County Grand Jury examined.
Despite research evidence for the success of the 'Housing First" model the Grand Jury found significant roadblocks for ending homelessness such as resident resistance (NIMBY), lack of collaboration between the County and Cities, and the difficulty of funding and siting.
The Grand Jury concluded that "If political will is defined as a sufficient number of key decision-makers who are intensely committed to supporting Permanent Supportive Housing as a solution for the chronically homeless, then the answer is “not yet.”
To improve collaboration and overcome roadblocks, the Grand Jury recommends the County and cities establish a regional body empowered to develop and implement a comprehensive business plan for siting and funding Permanent Supportive Housing development." 38 page report with an extensive list of references and resources that show that housing first works, homeless housing do not decrease property values or increase crimes (two concerns of residents who frequently resist siting homeless housing near neighborhoods). The Grand Jury also reports that Orange County which is the 10th most expensive place to live in the nation, where incomes have not kept pace with fair market rents does not have enough homeless housing. Includes an extensive list of peer reviewed research, websites, videos and other resources.
<a href="http://www.ocgrandjury.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orange County Grand Jury</a>
<a href="http://www.ocgrandjury.org/reports" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orange County Grand Jury</a>
May 31, 2018
PDF
English
Report
Orange County - California
<a href="https://theconversation.com/why-turning-homelessness-into-a-crime-is-cruel-and-costly-97290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Why turning homelessness into a crime is cruel and costly</a>
Two law professors who study how laws can make homelessness better or worse, encourage cities, suburbs and towns to avoid punishing people who live in public and have nowhere else to go. One big reason: These “anti-vagrancy laws” are counterproductive because they make it harder to escape homelessness.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joseph-w-mead-344925" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joseph Mead</a>
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sara-rankin-487313" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sarah Rankin</a>
June 2018
<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/39333/archive/files/ee963057bef21f67a8ab5f71b4a482ed.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1550007319&Signature=qzNG%2F%2FXVdeKrS%2FRdgcprkFYeqOc%3D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solutions for Homelessness: What Works and What's Ahead</a>
Permanent Supportive Housing
Presentation by<strong> Helen Cameron,</strong> Business Development Manager at Jamboree Housing Corporation (Irvine), one of three panelists at <em><a href="https://i4e.omeka.net/bee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Homelessness Demystified: Creating Awareness, Understanding, and Solutions</a>,</em> 2 February 2019, Canvas, Irvine. <br /><br /><strong>About the Presentation:</strong> 18 slides. 20 minutes. Helen shares highlights from the groundbreaking United Way OC / Jamboree Housing Corporation / University of California Irvine (2017) study, and the housing, services, and solutions - PSH, permanent supportive housing - Jamboree is using successfully. <br /><br /><strong>About Helen Cameron:</strong> For the past 20 years, Helen has participated in the development of permanent supportive housing. She participated in the development of the first community in Orange County in 2004 to house formerly homeless individuals with a mental health diagnosis – Jackson Aisle. With Jamboree, she has participated in three new communities, Diamond Apartment Homes in Anaheim, Doria in Irvine and Rockwood in Anaheim for formerly homeless individuals with a mental health diagnosis. As part of the Business Development team, she is exploring new communities in Orange County to contribute to the 2700 units of planned permanent supportive housing. She was part of the working group which developed the Ten Year Plan to End Homelessness. As Co-chair of the Community Services and Support Committee for the Mental Health Services Act Steering Committee she is a passionate advocate for housing resources for our most vulnerable residents.<br />Visit their website for more information about Jamboree: <a href="https://www.jamboreehousing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.jamboreehousing.com/</a><br /><br />To participate in the Homelessness Demystified: Buffet of Educational Experiences, Feb. 4 - May 4, which includes two Housing Experiences by Jamboree, visit: <a href="http://irvineforeveryone.org/bee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://irvineforeveryone.org/bee.</a>
<a href="https://www.jamboreehousing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jamboree</a> (Presented by Helen Cameron, Business Development)
2 February, 2019
PDF
Presentation
California - Orange County
Mentally ill homeless persons
Homelessness - Costs
<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/39333/archive/files/93b253cc8d0090d7f32fbcd953677f20.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1529929139&Signature=YrfEJv7Lm7JOvwvQyF9ga%2BIpCTw%3D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Changing Household and Housing Characteristics of Irvine, 2000-2016</a>
A comprehensive project submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Urban and Regional Planning, UCLA. 60 page report with figures, tables, references, links, and footnotes. Advised by Melissa Fox, Irvine City Council Member and Professor Michael Lens, UCLA.
Provides an overview of changes to Irvine's households and housing characteristics during the 2000 to 2016 time period and use other neighboring cities, Orange County, and California as context. Proposes a series of recommendations for the City of Irvine to follow to address its shortage of affordable housing while maintaining a high quality of life for its residents.
Key findings include that Irvine grew its population and housing stock at about three times the rate that Orange County did at 81.3% and 79% and bucked County and State trends as a majority of the new housing stock was multi-family. Despite the healthy amount of housing construction though, in real terms, gross rents grew by 25.6% and home values increased by 81.3%. This had the effect of lowering homeownership rates in the city from 60% in 2000 to 48.7% in 2016 and increasing the share of households that are mortgage and rent burdened across almost all income categories.
When looking for reasons for the skyrocketing costs of housing in Irvine, ... household incomes weren’t driving costs higher as they increased at lower levels than inflation and lower than several of its neighboring cities, Orange County, and California at large during the 2000 to 2016 time period. Neither were vacancy rates as they actually increased and ended higher than the countywide vacancy rate in 2016. ... a potential answer [emerges] when looking at the Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA). While Irvine and most other cities are on track to meet their moderate and high-income housing goals, no city in Orange County, including Irvine, is currently on track to meet their extremely/ very low and low income (affordable housing) goals and other cities were given far lower allocations than Irvine across the board.
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshuabaum93" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joshua Baum</a>
5 June, 2018
PDF
Report
<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/39333/archive/files/2966b70d760ec4d29850b058f30a040e.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1528350653&Signature=XlOkL5ayH9eurdWyrBifhXSEoTY%3D"></a>Answers to Questions: About the Current Homelessness Crisis in the OC
Emergency Shelters (aka Emergency Housing) (Type of Homeless Housing)
Permanent Supportive Housing
Housing First
In late March and April of 2018, discussions erupted among many Southern Orange County residents about homelessness in the OC. In an effort to help the community know more about the history, the current situation, and potential solutions of homelessness, on May 31st, 2018, the Orange County Chinese Americans Parents Book Club (OCCAPBC) and Future Chinese Leaders of America (FCLA) organized a forum at 10 Corporate Park, Suite 120, Irvine. Professors Dr. David Snow, Dr. Jacob Avery, and Dr. Yang Su, three experts in researching homelessness, social inequality and poverty from Department of Sociology of UCI were invited to present their research results on the true cause of homelessness and the better initiative to combat it. People planning to attend the forum sent 8 questions to Jing Sun. Irvine For Everyone (I4E), a grassroots initiative that was launched on April 11, 2018 to change the dominant NIMBY narrative and help residents become informed, supportive neighbors, publicized the forum, and prepared this document. I thank Mr. Jing Sun for organizing the forum and allowing me to share about I4E. It is my honor to invite OCCAPBC and FCLA to join I4E and thank those members who’ve already signed-on. Resources plus opportunities for learning and service are included. Anita Coleman, Ph.D., Irvine, CA. June 1st, 2018
Anita Coleman
Garrett Dunbar
June 1, 2018
<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/39333/archive/files/60a886d8f6c75690f66d41e59de8c77c.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1528605633&Signature=VVZcBdLQ5GN4dhR8zld1mKbqBgg%3D">https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/39333/archive/files/60a886d8f6c75690f66d41e59de8c77c.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1528605633&Signature=VVZcBdLQ5GN4dhR8zld1mKbqBgg%3D</a>
<a href="https://medium.com/charis-research/some-facts-about-homelessness-in-the-oc-and-affordable-homes-in-irvine-babd10b4b019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some Facts About Homelessness in the OC and Affordable Housing in Irvine</a>
In March 2018 the Orange County Board of Supervisors, California, voted to use land that it owns in the City of Irvine near the Great Park, to erect temporary housing shelters for people vacated from the Santa Ana Riverbed (Santa Ana Skid River). The Irvine City Council held an emergency meeting on March 20, 2018. They listened to public comments and subsequently decided to go into litigation to stop the County from following its plan. Many stereotypes, mis-statements, and myths were casually thrown out by vociferous city residents on the social media NextDoor. There was “outrage” and protesting. They didn’t want the “homeless addicts housed near our homes,” people who “choose to be homeless,” “have refused services and continue to live a life of crime and drugs!” The original post on NextDoor was edited and blogged in an attempt to inspire Irvine residents to become informed, kind neighbors.
The 4-min blog post explains the economic reasons for homelessness and contains the definitive links to understand homeless and housing in the OC, including Irvine. The ground-breaking United Way/UCI/Jamboree Housing study, The Cost of Homelessness, and other important resources that explain the extreme housing shortages are all linked.
Anita Coleman
March 22, 2018
Orange County - California
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/irvine4e/photos/a.758328527838487/758580737813266%20" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Feline Fun Friday Fact: I am Smokie</a> (meme)
Emergency Shelters (aka Emergency Housing) (Type of Homeless Housing)
Introducing Smokie, the cute little cat. The City of Irvine has a Pet Care Center - animal shelter - but no emergency housing for Irvine residents who become homeless.
Anita Coleman
November 2018
Creative Commons License.
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
This is not a Free Culture License.
Still Image
City of Irvine - Orange County - California - United States
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/irvine4e/photos/a.629918154012859/752686571736016/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Number of Homeless Students in Irvine Unified School District</a>
Anita Coleman
The numbers of homeless children and youth in OC public schools can be found here: <a href="http://www.ocde.us/MV/Documents/2016-2017%20Orange%20County%20Homeless%20Children%20and%20Youth%20to%20District%20Enrollment%20Ratios.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://www.ocde.us/MV/Documents/2016-2017%20Orange%20County%20Homeless%20Children%20and%20Youth%20to%20District%20Enrollment%20Ratios.pdf</a> (90 students total in IUSD) as well as <a href="https://edsource.org/2017/california-map-shows-hot-spots-of-homeless-students/588165" target="_blank" title="California Map shows hotspots of homeless students" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://edsource.org/2017/california-map-shows-hot-spots-of-homeless-students/588165</a>
Creative Commons License.
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
This is not a Free Culture License.